DiabetesMellitus
Diabetes,
DiabetesMellitus diabetes mellitus (DM) is a term that describes a many causes of chronic diseases, metabolic features is accompanied by hyperglycemia, Insulin secretion of Insulin () and/or effect caused by a defect sugar, fat and protein metabolism disorders.
This is the 1999 world health organization (WHO) and the international diabetes federation (IDF) announced the DM definition, from October of the American diabetes association and China journal editorial committee of diabetes, and through the joint meeting recommended for use.
glucose
Blood contains blood glucose called. Normal blood glucose levels after a relatively stable, blood sugar can temporarily increase, but not more than 180mg/dl, fasting blood concentration is constant, the normal for 70-110mg/dl (3.9 mmol/L) 6.1 - two units, the method is: 1mg/dl mmol/L 0.0655 =.
Glucose mainly comes from (1) food, rice, noodles, corn, potato, sugar, sucrose), fruits (), dairy (fructose (lactose) etc, the role of the digestive tract, the transformation into glucose into the blood sugar as intestinal absorption. (2) stored in the liver glycogen and stored in muscle muscle glycogen is decomposed into glucose into the blood, (3) the sugar in the diet matter protein, adipose decompose amino acid, lactic acid, glycerin, etc and by different raw sugar into glucose.
Glucose way are mainly four ways: (1) glucose in tissue organ oxidative decomposition supply energy, 2 in acuteness activity or the oxygen, anaerobic ferment glucose for energy, lactic acid and small body need to supplement, 3) glucose and muscle glycogen synthesis can be stored glycogen, The extra glucose can shift in glycogen as fat, etc.
Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)
Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) refers to some people did not reach fasting glucose concentrations, but for diagnosis of diabetes in oral glucose tolerance test, in normal blood glucose levels with diabetes.
These patients are not diagnosed with diabetes, but later risk of diabetes and atherosclerosis, electrocardiogram abnormalities were incidence and mortality than the general population in diabetes prevention for high, the research is one of the important component.
Insulin,
From the pancreas islet insulin by a call in beta cells, and release into the blood. Insulin is a small molecular weight of protein in the body, the effect is very extensive, main is to reduce blood sugar, once or not normal function, can produce diabetes.
"The dawn phenomenon"
Diabetes patients at dawn, called "dawn appear hyperglycemia phenomenon". Glucose leels began in the morning until about 3 in the morning at 8-9. "The dawn phenomenon" is the main reason of the body after midnight growth hormone secretion increased translation (pituitary hormone is a time of rhythm, growth hormone is promoting), blood glucose hormone growth hormone leels, need more insulin to keep blood sugar under normal range. Normal islets B cells secrete insulin, more automatic keep normal blood glucose so. People with diabetes and the islet function defect, especially B cells with insulin dependent diabetes significantly increased blood sugar, early niddm patients may appear "dawn phenomenon".
Somogyi phenomenon
Namely before dawn, but have mild and low symptoms was not short, and tried to find the reactivity of high.
In the night with portable blood glucose plan 0, 2, 4 hours, on June 8 hour early for determination of glucose, help identify the cause hyperglycemia in the morning.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) refers to the gestational diabetes or glucose tolerance distribution, known to have diabetes and merge pregnancies are not included in the calculation.
This type of clinical importance to effectively handle high-risk pregnancy, thereby reducing the many relating to the perinatal period disease morbidity and mortality. The women in the postnatal 5 ~ 10 years have diabetes risk of height.
In pregnancy after suspending according to its glucose metabolic disorder classified for diabetes, situations abnormal glucose tolerance or had abnormal glucose tolerance.
Autoimmune disease
Autoimmune disease refers to their immune system against their cells of a disease. It is the pathology base type 1 diabetes, their immune system attacks destroy these cells beta cells, no insulin.
Prevention of diabetes
Diabetes prevention should build three lines ", "medically called tertiary prevention.
Primary preention refers to minimize occurs. Diabetes is a kind of infectious disease, although have certain genetic factors in action, but it is the life of tile factors and environmental factors. Diets must pay attention to proper, low calorie intake, low salt, low fat, high in fiber, vitamin.
Secondary prevention and early detection of diabetes is an active treatment. Should be included in the elderly glucose determination of conventional medical project, even, still should investigate regularly. If the skin feeling, abnormal function decline, poor eyesight, abnormal urine, cataract, must be carefully check for early diagnosis, treatment, and early.
The purpose is to slow tertiary prevention of diabetes complications of chronic, reduce the occurrence and development of disability and mortality. Chronic complications of diabetes to strengthen monitoring, achieve inchoate discovery. Early prevention and treatment is the key. To a certain extent in the early complications can be treated, and even can be eliminated, the function returns to normal. In late and effects, and irreversible. Effective prevention can make the patient had nearly normal life.
Prevention of diabetes, "five cart"
Diabetes is a was not very clear etiology of chronic disease, diabetes permanent treatment should be integrated treatment. It includes:
(1) diabetes propaganda education: the purpose is to make diabetes patients understand the relevant knowledge and learn to diabetes self treatment required skills, and positive attitude to receive treatment.
(2) diabetes mellitus dietary treatment: diabetes is the one of the most important basic measures, whether illness weight, no matter use what drug treatments, diet control shall insist for a long time.
(3) exercise therapy: diabetes is a basic requirement and diabetes treatment measures on proper exercise, be helpful for disease control.
(4) drug therapy: refers to the diet and exercise therapy on the basis of the oral glucose-lowering drugs, appropriate to maintain normal blood glucose levels in basic, should according to the specific circumstances of patients with a comprehensive and individualized.
(5) diabetes self-monitoring: diabetes is a chronic disease, should be monitored, long-term timely disease prevention, early detection and complications.
The above five aspects of comprehensive treatment, it is called the diabetes image of five cart.